Cross Cultural Studies Essay

Magnificence, is whatever interests, and is fused in current prevailing fashions and patterns of the zone. Its highlights radically change over the globe where alienating habits are embraced. Stoutness is such a model, where in the west, heftiness is disregarded, and counseled, and despite what might be expected, in the African nations, weight draws and is viewed as a gift, showing lavishness. Excellence might be shallow, however there are situations when such turns into a conundrum. Stoutness isn't just about the weight, or the physical and hereditary rationalities we can get from it. Stoutness can likewise be gotten from its mental roots. What is heftiness and how it influences the notoriety, character, or even the mentality towards it shifts across societies as referenced before. In this paper, heftiness is viewed as acceptable and needed physiological quality, contrasted and as a social disease tormenting the wellbeing in most Western nations. Examination FINDINGS Norimitsu Onish (2001), in his article entitled, ‘On the size of Beauty, weight loads heavily’, has clarified in an imposing way the furor stoutness has among high school young ladies in Nigeria. He has delineated the manners in which women will utilize to go too far in the red in order to get fat, and leads showcase overviews figuring out which kinds of steroids, pills or synthetic compounds they would utilize. The paper clarifies how fat ladies are romanticized and gazed upward onto. Onish demonstrates that ladies would will in general devour hurtful substance to increase greasy tissues, and have gotten so fixated on getting fat, that they would go to ‘fattening farms’ and get rubbed a long time before their weddings. In like manner, a portion of the less fortunate ladies would devour creature feed so as to get fat and become alluring, as they can't manage the cost of the rich nourishments. Verifiably, meaty African ladies were viewed as plentifully supplied monetarily, on the grounds that they can bear the cost of food, are sound and rich. Ladies in African culture are worshipped to as the food supplier, the person who plants and supplies food in the network. A meaty African lady indicates somebody from a princely family or maybe an expected decent supplier for her family. The substantial African lady was esteemed and held in high regard. Be that as it may, note that African ladies toiled constantly, stirring sun up to sun down, and their difficult undertakings were not helpful for being large. The exhausting work kept African ladies essentially on the slim side (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). Delineation: Stratification is a necessary piece of a network and society that happens because of a division in the classes which is controlled by the financial circumstance of the family or network. This even layer is additionally pervasive among certain nations which have a male prevailing society, on the appearance of religion. This has been portrayed in Onish’s article, where hefty ladies are a superficial point of interest, showing their assets, and that they have a place with wealthy families, trading off their wellbeing along these lines. A generally excellent model is cited clarifying how a young lady since the age of 11 years, had to get hefty on the guise of getting a ‘good match’, and now she experiences hip separation, and bone issue, as it has gotten hard to hold herself around. Socially, being enormous was not standard. In the African view, ladies who are beefy, had hips, and a curvy body are the ladies to wed. Body size was likewise seen to make them magnificent moms. African ladies who are huge have increasingly fat tissue, and were seen to convey a baby to full term and suspend for quite a while the impacts of starvation ought to there be shortage of food (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). In a class address by Mead in 1974, culture was characterized as the transmission of qualities and practices and ideas. It is the way one eats, the way one strolls, and the way one brings up a youngster. In Africa, the social level was unpretentious for young ladies to discover that African men and families esteems enormous ladies and was exceptionally worthy. Yet, being well proportioned was considered in an alternate manner when slaves were moved to the new world. African ladies at that point were seen and even assigned to be reproducers and has an obligation to conceive an offspring the same number of times as her proprietor needs to. Alex Haley recorded this in his book by relating how enormous African ladies beats slave kids and hands them to a slave proprietor as a sexual prize (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). In another article, ‘Culture: A sociological view’, (Becker, 1982) clarifies the hugeness of culture in a general public and how it is consistently changed so as to meet the advanced style and craze. Culture is in effect consistently changed, and fresher adaptations of standards and practices are received. In like manner, definition as far as race and sex is likewise now being weakened, as a feeling of equity is pervasive inside the majority of the social orders over the globe. A general public is sorted out by its social qualities, which is the pith to its turn of events, and subsequently despite the fact that more up to date ideas are received, more seasoned standards ought not be disregarded and ought to be passed onto ages so as to save a society’s social legacy. The continuous changes in the public eye along with the way of life wherein one develops takes ages. There are a couple and center social attributes which are given starting with one age then onto the next, safeguarded in families, in spite of the numerous progressions that are continually occurring. In the sociological setting, this likewise reflects how society impacts the individual’s perspectives and recognitions with the numerous progressions occurring around him/her. Eventually, the individual comprehends what his way of life is intrinsically, yet additionally acclimates to fit in and adapt up to the numerous social changes in our social orders. Multifaceted STUDIES: Cross social examinations was an intriguing subject that portrays the different anthropologies around the world. The essential quintessence in this examination is a component of resistance which different ethnic gatherings need to cause in order to oblige and mix with different social set ups. A unified substitute which individuals from completely various societies will collaborate and useful serve towards the advancement and improvement of a general public is pervasive in many nations. A genuine model is delineated by the individuals of Malaysia, in which different ethnic gatherings exist together and assume their particular jobs so as to make Malaysia one of the most quickly created country in the previous decade, and it is presently a good example for others to follow. Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism exist together and sanctuaries are assembled directly close to mosques and holy places, where individuals go side by side to lecture in resilience and congruity. The equivalent can be inferred when slaves where moved to the New World. As African ladies became sexual prizes to their proprietors, some Westerner has fathered a youngster, and bore an African-American kid. In the current culture, being slender is in. Bulimia and anorexia has gotten a scourge among youngsters and more youthful ladies as a result of the pictures of slight ladies being developed in the new society. The multifaceted assessment between how ladies in Africa in examination with African-American ladies see heftiness is unique and is an impression of how perspectives and recognition change after some time and across societies. End: Culture contrast over the globe, meeting the topographical necessities of a district, these can change and be opposite, similar to the instance of corpulence, which is attempted by a few, and rebuked by different social orders, similar to the westerners. In like manner, social set ups are adjusted and changed so as to meet cutting edge prerequisites, and all the while keeping up and safeguarding the antiquated social qualities that have been passed on. Likewise, culturally diverse set ups additionally exist, and different ethnic gatherings exist together and serve proactively for the turn of events and progress of countries, consequently showing control, solidarity and resistance. REFERENCES: Becker H. (1982) Culture: A Sociological View, Yale Review, September 2, , 71:513-527 Johnson, R. W. what's more, Broadnax, P. A (2003). A point of view on weight †examination of pattern of stoutness in African-American ladies. ABNF Journal. Onish N. (2001) Maradi Journal: On the Scale of Beauty, Weight Weighs Heavily New York Times dated Feb 12

Free Essays on The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg

Imprint Twain was incredibly known for his moralistic and funny composition. It was regularly unexpected composing that uncovered debasement and lip service while looking at unassuming community life in America during the nineteenth century. An incredible case of his composing would be, â€Å"The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.† He utilizes the entirety of his sorts of composing including hilarious, moralistic, and amusing subtleties of his composition. Numerous pundits gave him extraordinary audits on this short story on account of the manner in which he depicted it to appear to be similarly as the spot he concentrated to start composing it over. Generally speaking numerous pundits appreciate and acclaim Twain’s fill in just as numerous others did and still do. How incredible of an author do you think Mark Twain was, lets hear your analysis. Imprint Twain was conceived on November 30, 1835 and passed on April 21, 1910 (Bloom, P 48). He was conceived in Missouri, Florida. His folks were John Marshall Clemens and Jane Langhorne Clemens. His unique name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens until he turned into an expert essayist and received the name Mark Twain. He additionally started his writing in the 1850’s.His dad John Marshal Clemens was the adjudicator for the town of Hannibal, Missouri. Before he started his abstract profession he held numerous different occupations running from being a waterway vessel pilot and a periodic gold excavator to filling in as an apprentice printer. In the time of 1847 is the point at which he started functioning as a printer’s student in Hannibal, Missouri, and from that point started working for his sibling Orion’s paper. At that point in the late 1850’s he started composing for another paper and it was known as the Keokuk Post (Milne, P 163). Between the long stretc hes of 1853 through 1856 he made a trip to St. Louis, New York, and Philadelphia as an apprentice printer. Not long after he apprenticed himself to turn into a steamer pilot on the Mississippi River and earned his pilot permit between the long stretches of 1857 through 1861 (Milne, P156). From that point he moved to Nevada with his ... Free Essays on The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg Free Essays on The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg Imprint Twain was enormously known for his moralistic and entertaining composition. It was frequently amusing composing that uncovered debasement and false reverence while inspecting humble community life in America during the nineteenth century. An incredible case of his composing would be, â€Å"The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.† He utilizes the entirety of his kinds of composing including amusing, moralistic, and unexpected subtleties of his composition. Numerous pundits gave him extraordinary surveys on this short story on account of the manner in which he depicted it to appear to be similarly as the spot he concentrated to start composing it over. By and large numerous pundits appreciate and acclaim Twain’s function just as numerous others did and still do. How incredible of an author do you think Mark Twain was, lets hear your analysis. Imprint Twain was conceived on November 30, 1835 and kicked the bucket on April 21, 1910 (Bloom, P 48). He was conceived in Missouri, Florida. His folks were John Marshall Clemens and Jane Langhorne Clemens. His unique name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens until he turned into an expert essayist and embraced the name Mark Twain. He additionally started his writing in the 1850’s.His dad John Marshal Clemens was the appointed authority for the town of Hannibal, Missouri. Before he started his scholarly profession he held numerous different employments running from being a stream vessel pilot and an intermittent gold excavator to filling in as an apprentice printer. In the time of 1847 is the point at which he started functioning as a printer’s understudy in Hannibal, Missouri, and from that point started working for his sibling Orion’s paper. At that point in the late 1850’s he started composing for another paper and it was known as the Keokuk Post (Milne, P 163 ). Between the long periods of 1853 through 1856 he headed out to St. Louis, New York, and Philadelphia as an apprentice printer. Soon after he apprenticed himself to turn into a steamer pilot on the Mississippi River and earned his pilot permit between the long stretches of 1857 through 1861 (Milne, P156). From that point he moved to Nevada with his ...

SIPA Has Game COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Has Game COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A common question prospective students ask is, What do SIPA students go on to do after graduating?   I often respond by saying that the more appropriate question might be, What dont SIPA students go on to do after graduating? SIPA students have diverse goals and will often jump between sectors during their career lifetime.   All sectors, for-profit, not-for-profit, and public, are well represented in our employment statistics which you can find by clicking here.   I thought I would provide the following timely example of the variety of things SIPA graduates to go to do. Last night was the National Basketball Association (NBA) Draft.   I know that soccer is the worlds sport, however the NBA is highly international.   The NBA is seeking to expand its presence and a SIPA graduate is on the forefront of that effort.   Vinod and I sat on a panel at The Clinton Foundation recently and I asked him if he would be up for a short interview.   He graciously agreed.   Enjoy. Name: Vinod Raghavan Degree Program: MIA Concentration: International Economic Policy Graduation Year: 2005 Current Position: Senior Manager, Global Marketing Partnerships Organization Name: National Basketball Association Organization Location (city, country):   New York, USA What were you doing prior to attending SIPA? Prior to attending SIPA, I was working at the Office of Former President Bill Clinton as Deputy Domestic Policy Advisor, where I focused on the creation, management, and execution of programs and initiatives in line with the Former President’s commitment   to fostering service and economic empowerment, paying specific attention to underserved communities domestically. What are you doing now? Currently, I work for the National Basketball Association in International Business Development, where our aim is to continue to grow and develop the game of basketball around the world. We have a strong global presence and continue to look for opportunities to expand our footprint in meaningful ways, including basketball development, strategic partnerships and international games and events. Specifically, I am tasked with liaising between our international offices and headquarters here in NY in an effort to align our goals and our and approach, both tactically and strategically. Did you take classes at other Columbia Schools during your time at SIPA? In addition to SIPA’s curriculum, I also took classes at the Business School, the Law School and even audited a course in the Philosophy department. If there’s something you’re interested in, it’s more than likely that you’ll find a way to get to it while at SIPA. In your view, what type of person is “right” for SIPA? Although it is difficult to identify the type of person who is exactly “right” for SIPA, it is clear that those that stand to benefit the most are those who are willing to share with and learn from their peers. The student body is one of SIPA’s strongest assets, owing to its broad diversity in nationality, ethnicity, experience, personality, and culture. There is a wealth of experience to be gained not only inside the classroom, but outside it as well. What was it like to attend graduate school/work in New York City? There is no city in the world quite like New York City. The city has so much to offer, it’s hard to decide where to begin. Whatever you’re looking for, you’re likely to find here. From a professional standpoint, New York is also a great place for new graduates. Almost all roads converge here, including finance, entertainment, the arts, non-profit/NGO, and politics. Opportunities are everywhere.

Prisoners Dilemma Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3595 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction In this report is to introduce what is the Prisoners Dilemma and the meaning about Cartel Union. First is to analyze the correlation of manufacturers and the prisoners dilemma due to the correlation. The effectiveness of Cartel coalition is investigated and the principle of output dispense is given. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prisoners Dilemma Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Explain the factors affecting the stability of Cartel. From the game theory it is a rational behavior for interactive decision problems. In a game, several agents strive to maximize their (expected) utility index by choosing particular courses of action, and each agents final utility payoffs depend on the profile of courses of action chosen by all agents. The interactive situation, specified by the set of participants, the possible courses of action of each agent, and the set of all possible utility payoffs, is called a game; the agents playing a game are called the players. From this precondition to understand about the prisoners dilemma from the Dominant Strategies, Extensions of the Prisoners Dilemma and the Issues with Respect to the Prisoners Dilemma these three parts to analysis the problem of Prisoners Dilemma. And used the Oligopoly Problem to explain the reason why Prisoners Dilemma can solutions the problem of oligopoly pricing and the situation in the market. Combine whit the Cartel and the Nash equilibrium The Prisoners Dilemma The Prisoners Dilemma is one of the best-known models in game theory. In the picture, figure 1, the natural world in a ridiculous role to prove that two suspicious people help each other, or opposing each other. In this assumptive situation, two confederates have been locked up in prison, and they tried to fake evidence of a crime and not sell out the other side do not recognize the crime. And the next step is give the serious of the punishment that each receives is determined not only by his behavior, but also by the behavior of his or her accomplice. The two prisoners are separated and cannot communicate with each other. And the result should be have four different possible. If one confesses to the crime and turns in the accomplice his sentence will be reduced. If one confesses while the accomplice does not, the first can make a deal with the police, and will be set free. But the information he provides will be used to incriminate his accomplice, who will receive the maximum sentence. If both prisoners confess to the crime, then each receives a reduced sentence, but neither is set free. If neither confesses to the crime, then each receives the minimum sentence because of the lack of evidence. This option may not be as attractive to either individual as the option of striking a deal with the police and being set free at the expense of ones partner. Since the prisoners cannot communicate with each other, the question of whether to trust the other not to confess is the critical aspect of this game. Although this is a simple model, its lessons can be used to examine more complicated strategic interactions, such as arms races. If two antagonistic countries uncontrollably build up their armaments, they increase the potential for mutual loss and destruction. For each country, the value of arming itself is decreased because the costs of doing, for example financial costs, heightened security tensions, greater mutual destructive capabilities and so on provide few advantages over the opponent, resulting in an no profit outcome. Each country has a choice: cooperate to control arms development, with the goal of achieving mutual benefits, or defect from the pact, and develop armaments. The dilemma stems from the realization that if one side arms itself and the other does not cooperates, the participant who develops armaments will be considered stronger and will win the game. If both cooperate, the best possible outcome is a tie. This is better than the payoff from mutual defection and an arms race, but it is not as attractive as winning, and so the temptation to out-arm ones opponent is always present. The fear that ones opponent will give in to such temptations often drives both players to arm; not doing so risks total loss, and the benefits of not arming can only be realized if ones opponent overcomes his or her temptation to win. Such trust is often lacking in the international environment. The U.S.-Soviet relationship was a good example of this dynamic. For a long time, the two countries did not trust each other at all. Each armed itself to the hilt, fearing that the other one was doing so, and not wanting to risk being vulnerable. Yet the cost of the arms race was so high that it eventually bankrupted the Soviet Union. Had the Soviets been willing to trust the U.S. more, and vice versa, much of the arms race could have been prevented, at tremendous financial and security savings forboth nations, and indeed, the rest of the world. The lessons initia lly drawn from the Prisoners Dilemma can be discouraging. The game illustrates a zero-sum situation, in which one person must lose in order for the other to win. To keep from losing, each player is motivated to pursue a winning strategy. The collective result is unproductive, at best, and destructive, at worst. Dominant Strategies What has happened here is that the two prisoners have fallen into something called† dominant strategy equilibrium. The first is Dominant Strategy: Let an individual player in a game evaluate separately each of the strategy combinations he may face, and, for each combination, choose from his own strategies the one that gives the best payoff. If the same strategy is chosen for each of the different combinations of strategies the player might face, that strategy is called a dominant strategy for that player in that game. The second is Dominant Strategy Equilibrium: If in a game, each player has a dominant strategy, and each player plays the dominant strategy, then that combination of strategies and the corresponding payoffs are said to constitute the dominant strategy equilibrium for that game. In the Prisoners Dilemma game to confess is a dominant strategy, and when both prisoners confess, that is dominant strategy equilibrium. This remarkable result that individually ratio nal action results in both persons being made worse off in terms of their own self-interested purposes is what has made the wide impact in modern social science. For there are many interactions in the modern world that seem very much like that, from arms races through road congestion and pollution to the depletion of fisheries and the overexploitation of some subsurface water resources. These are all quite different interactions in detail, but are interactions in which individually rational action leads to inferior results for each person, and the Prisoners Dilemma suggests something of what is going on in each of them. That is the source of its power. Extensions of the Prisoners Dilemma Few social situations can be modeled accurately by a single interaction. Rather, most situations result from a series of interactions over a long period of time. An extended version of the Prisoners Dilemma scenario includes repeated interaction, which increases the probability of cooperative behavior. The logic of this version of Prisoners Dilemma suggests that a players strategy depends on his or her experience in previous interactions, and that that strategy will also affect the future behavior of ones opponent. The result is a relationship of mutual reciprocity; a player is likely to cooperate if his or her opponent previously demonstrated willingness to cooperate, and is unlikely to cooperate if the opponent previously did not. The knowledge that the game will be played again leads players to consider the consequences of their actions; ones opponent may retaliate or be unwilling to cooperate in the future, if ones strategy always seeks maximum payoffs at the expense of the other player. Issues With Respect to the Prisoners Dilemma This remarkable result that individually rational action results in both persons being made worse off in terms of their own self-interested purposes is what has made the wide impact in modern social science. For there are many interactions in the modern world that seem very much like that, from arms races through road congestion and pollution to the depletion of fisheries and the overexploitation of some subsurface water resources. These are all quite different interactions in detail, but are interactions in which individually rational action leads to inferior results for each person, and the Prisoners Dilemma suggests something of what is going on in each of them. That is the source of its power. A number of critical issues can be raised with the Prisoners Dilemma. That is a two-person game, but many of the applications of the idea are really many-person interactions. We have assumed that there is no communication between the two prisoners. If they could communicate and commi t themselves to coordinated strategies, we would expect a quite different outcome. In the Prisoners Dilemma, the two prisoners interact only once. Repetition of the interactions might lead to quite different results. Compelling as the reasoning is that leads to the dominant strategy equilibrium may be, it is not the only way this problem might be reasoned out. Perhaps it is not really the most rational answer after all. We will consider some of these points in what follows. Oligopoly prices and Solutions to Pricing Games there is a example to Table 1 Perrier price = $1 price = $2 Apollinaris price = $1 0,0 5000,-5000 price = $2 -5000,5000 0,0 In the Prisoners Dilemma, each company has a strong rationale to choose one strategy and in this case it is a price cut. For example, Appolinaris might reason Either Perrier will cut to $1 or it will not. If it does, it has a better to decrease otherwise it will lose all of the customers and lose $5000. On the other hand, if Perrier doesnt cut, Im still better off to cut, since it will take the customers away and get a profit of $5000. Like this the price cut is a dominant strategy. But this is a very simplified unreasonable conception of price competition. The Prisoners Dilemma has been influential throughout the social sciences, because the rational and self-interested decision-makers, choosing their strategies in isolation from one another, find that the strategies interact so that they both have bad outcomes. In application to the problem of oligopoly pricing, the examples given so far seem to give strong support to the second hypothesis of oligopoly pricing, the hypot hesis that oligopoly prices will be the same as those in a P-competitive market: zero profits. But thats not really so clear. And antitrust laws are designed to make such a price-fixing agreement illegal. But we havent always had antitrust laws they were enacted because many people believed that businessmen were collaborating to fix high prices. And even now, there may be ways to get around the law. When the decision-makers in a game get together, agree on a common strategy, and share out the gains from it among themselves, the agreement they come to is called a cooperative solution to the game. The examples we have looked at so far are noncooperative solutions. It appears that we cannot rule out the possibility of a cooperative solution to the oligopoly pricing game, so we need to look a bit at the cooperative alternative in game theory. The Oligopoly Problem It seems that game theory doesnt solve the oligopoly problem after all. There are at least two kinds of solutions to the problem of oligopoly pricing cooperative and noncooperative. Actually, its a bit worse than that. In each of the two categories, there is actually more than one sort of solution, depending on how we approach the problem! That had become pretty clear to economists by the 1960s, and many economists lost interest in game theory. But despite its failure on this specific point, game theory has proved to be a powerful tool of economic thinking, so that it has become more influential since the 1960s, culminating in the Nobel Prize for three game theorists (including John Nash, who invented the Nash-Equilibrium) in 1994. And it is not just simply a failure in the analysis of oligopoly prices. Sometimes its important to be confused at a higher level. We know that oligopoly pricing is a hard problem, but the reason why it is a hard problem. The pricing examples we h ave seen here give some insight about the reason why price competition when it does occur is so powerful in bringing prices down to the lowest stable level. And we can apply the same methods to a range of other problems, both related to imperfect competition and in other fields of economics. Cartel Cartel union is an important form of business cooperation. So as to used price fixing and set limit to pursue the trade profits, then used the basis of equitable distribution of the profit-sharing mechanism. on the basis of the Cartel expansion of the alliance model, and analysis the repeated game mechanism; the result is that the static game under the conditions of the enterprises do not have the stability of the Cartel Union, in repeated games under the conditions of enterprises to cooperate balance in the balance between competition and choice depends on the size of the discount factor. Forgiveness policy is an effective cartel enforcement policy, it will help undermine the stability of the cartel, and the cartel will help improve the efficiency of law enforcement. Design the reasonable rule and effective policy of forgiveness play a role in the foundation of concrete and determined that forgiveness is transparent the basic requirements of the policy. Forgiveness policy and t he effect of the cartel legislation, law enforcement situation is closely related to severe legal sanctions, the firms attitude toward law enforcement and strong enforcement measures to promote the effective implementation of the policy of forgiveness. Cartel is in order to strengthen the law enforcement. Nash equilibrium Assume N that a player involved in the game, given other people the strategy under the condition of each player to choose their own optimal strategy (personal best strategy may or may not depend on others to rely on the strategy), so to maximize their effectiveness. All in games player will make a strategic combination?Strategy Profile?. Nash equilibrium refers to a combination of strategy, this combination of strategies by all participants the best strategy component. Even given the strategy of others, no one has sufficient reason to break this balance. It has the case with the Prisoners Dilemma. Assuming there are two A and B of the Joint thief was convicted, into private homes seized by the police. Police were placed in two different rooms within the two to trial, each of the suspects, the police are given the policy is: If you suspect a crime has been, frankly, to hand over the stolen goods, the evidence, both were convicted. If the other suspects also made frank, the two me n were each sentenced 8 years; if another crime suspects but frankly did not deny, however, prevent the crime of official duties (as a result of evidence of their guilt has been) plus 2 penalty , To be honest and active 8-year sentence was immediately released. If they both deny, for lack of evidence the police can not be sentenced two of theft, but the accusal they can into the private home of the charges would be liable to imprisonment for 1 year. —————————————————————————— BB ————————?————————?————————? confessdisavow ————————?————— ———?————————? A? confess-8, -80, -10 ————————?————————?————————? A? disavow-10, 0-1, -1 ————————?————————?————————? On the case, clearly the best strategy is to deny both of them; the result is only sentenced to 1 year. However, due to two in isolation, should be the first from a psychological point of view, the parties will suspect the other party will sell out in order to protect themselves, followed by Adam Smiths theory, hypothesis that everyone to be Rational economic man and they will proceed from the purpose of self-selection. The two men will have a cal culation process: If one frankly, one deny, would take a 10-year prison, a maximum of only 8 years frank; one would deny, one person will be able to be released, and he would take 10 years in prison. Taking all these circumstances into account, whether or not someone is honest, for another one, is frankly a cost-effective. The two would move such a brain, in the end, both chose to be honest; the results were sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. Rational agent-based on economics premise the assumption that the two prisoners in line with the interests of their own choice is to confess frankly, was beneficial to both sides of the strategy is not to confess and thus would not have been released. Both of this option, frankly, as well as the strategy are therefore sentenced to 8 years of the end. So Nash equilibrium in the lead to the invisible hand of the principle of a paradox: from self-serving purpose, the results Dog in the manger, not altruism or self. The relationship between the ‘Prisoners Dilemma and the theory of cartels Monopolize market is the reality of the existence that there is an important market structure, which refers to products in the market. With a product that only a few companies to provide production and characterized by any decision-making will Manufacturers of other vendors have an impact on production. In the monopolistic cartel Union, Cartels output is allocated to form a key cartel. Such as the OPEC. Since the international oil price in the 1970s sharp rise year, OPEC cartel does have some of the traditional organization of the basic features, but with other traditional organizations cartel, OPEC also has some obvious differences. most of the studies can not prove that OPEC is a cartel; OPEC can only prove that there is a similarity between the members. In addition, the OPEC cartels interests have been significantly reduced. As a result, the conclusion can be drawn: For now, OPEC is not an effective operation of the cartels organization; or it could be argued that the internatio nal oil market, OPECs is not entirely influence the power of the cartel. Cartels output has a bearing on the distribution of the vital interests of manufacturers, as the productivity of firms, manufacturers. After forming cartels the ideal of production allocation should be based on the manufacturers effect to determine the productivity of production quotas and more efficient production, Inefficient and less productive. Currently, to make the cartel of several companies as a monopoly vendor various Production plant. So the formula is: Ci = C = R (I = 1, 2 n,) â€Å"Ci† for the first â€Å"i† makers of the marginal cost â€Å"C† for the industry as a whole marginal cost â€Å"R† for the industry as whole marginal gains Actually, cartel will follow the general principles to distribute the sales quota. According to the manufacturers production capacity to the level of sales quota allocation, the greater the scale of production, the highe r ability of manufacturers will get the greater quota. According to the manufacturers sales in the past to the level of sales quota allocation, sales in the past, the higher the level of the companies get bigger quotas. Base on location to distribute quotas, if the companies get a certain region or country market, while other manufacturers have been other regional or national markets. Through the Manufacturers together to formation of a cartel agreement and is often unstable, this instability in the cartel but also as the increased manufacturers, from the chart of analysis can identify the manufactory will leave the cartel in order to Lead to the dissolution of the cartel. From this chart, when the Manufacturers of production is mi, Ci=/=Ri, the mean is mi is not the manufactures good output, in fact, if the manufactures reduce the price to P1, the Manufacturers amount of the request will become mtto mt, and in mt, Ci=Ri, the mean is the Manufacturers optimal output. Tha t is to explain the manufactures Deviated from the limitative price Po, it will be increase the profit. At the same time, if there is another reality deviated from the makers of possible price-fixing. Such as the price or prices in one way to cut the price with impunity, the result is bound to deviate from the manufacturers limit price, which eventually led to the disintegration of the cartel. Conclusion From this report we know about the Prisoners Dilemma in game theory, what is the meaning of the Prisoners Dilemma and the impact of economics. Different possibilities will bring different results. According to the first part of the chart there have four different the result of crime. But the both choices of strategy and frankly was sentenced to 5 years, therefore the result is called Nash equilibrium, also called non-cooperative equilibrium. Each party in the choice of strategy when there is no conspiracy, they just choose the most favorable to their strategy, without thinking about the benefit between each other. On other point of view through the prisoners dilemma develop the resulting is the formation of monopolistic market and the price war. Lead the different companies have different price competition, under the Nash equilibrium and the influence of game theory will consider adopting a normal pricing strategy or the formation of high-price strategy of monopoly prices and make every effort to obtain the monopoly profits. If the monopoly can be formed, then will getting the largest mutual profit. In fact, perfectly competitive equilibrium is the Nash equilibrium or non-cooperative game balanced. In this state, each manufacturers or consumers are all the others the price has been set for the decision-making.

Princess Diana - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 577 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? I. Introduction a. â€Å"The worst illness of our time is that so many people have to suffer from not ever being loved. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Princess Diana" essay for you Create order † This is a quote by Princess Diana. b. When I was ten years old, I came downstairs and saw my mom had tears in her eyes from watching a funeral on TV. When I investigated, I figure out it was Princess Diana’s. Ever since that moment I have been intrigued to find out more about her. Seeing that she influenced that many people amazed me. c. Princess Diana had many admirable traits but the three that stand out to me are: determination, nurturing and strength. II. Body d. Determined i. Princess was determined from a young age to make a difference in her life. ii. From birth, she knew that her parents had lost a son before she was born and that they hoped she was a boy. iii. With this weighing on her shoulders, Princess Diana always wanted to touch people in a different ways than others had. iv. With this determination she was able to bring attention to issues that did not get as much as attention in the public, such as Leprosy. . With the quality of determination, Princess Diana become a great mother and showed the next quality of nurturing. e. Nurturing vi. Princess Diana was a mother to two sons, William and Harry. She was a great mother; she was caring and loved her children with all her heart. vii. Her children were her main priority in life, and this could be seen by how her children turned out in life. viii. Not only was she nurturing and caring to her family, but also to other individuals. Princess Diana would go out of her way to let children who may have AIDS or other disease touch her. To me, that was a big ordeal because it showed how much of a loving person she was and how much good she meant for everyone. She loved to help children with an open mind and heart. ix. Princess Diana not only had determination and nurturing characteristics but most of all she was strong. f. Strength x. I believe that Princess Diana’s strength was a foundation for her other qualities in life. Without being strong, Princess Diana would not possess the qualities of determination and nurturing. xi. When one marries a prince is it very hard to get divorced. xii. Princess Diana not only got divorced but she did not let that stop her self esteem or her strength. xiii. Getting divorced was one thing but also she was always in the public eye. xiv. Being in the public eye was not always beautiful as some may think. Princess Diana was always being brought into the spot light in positive ways but a lot of negative ways too. xv. Although she was being accused of having an affair on her husband at the time Prince Charles, she never let the media get to her. She kept her head high and overcame the rumors that were going around about her. xvi. This main characteristic about Princess Diana is one of the main aspects that I look up to her for. Her ability to stay strong even in difficult situations. III. Conclusion g. In summary, I have always admired Princess Diana from that first day I saw her funeral on TV. h. Princess Diana’s strength leads to her determination and her nurturing characteristic.

Dairy Industry in Pakistan Free Essays

While comparing the value of milk with other cash crops, it was mentioned that milk had a value about 60% higher as compared to both wheat and cotton together. The land of Pakistan is benefited with both irrigated plains through mighty Indus river with its tributaries and desert areas like Scholastic and Thereafter. Pakistan is expended from costal range areas in the south to the alpine pastures in the north and has variability in topography, rainfall, immunity, temperature, plant and animal species, social and cultural heritage. We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Industry in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now So Larry development Is not only name to meet ten growing means AT animal protein but for socioeconomic reasons as dairy animals provide regular cash income, economic utilization of family labor, create social security and supply growing markets. Milk production is an extremely labor intensive occupation, however, in many countries of the world including Pakistan, it is the most productive way of converting crop residues and agro industrial wastes into valuable food. But due to biological and technical constrains like shortage of feed, high mortality rate, poor emetic potential etc; socio economic constraints like high input cost, scarcity of sources, inadequate marketing systems, commercial feed industry and policy constraints render this sector undeveloped and truly in a miserable condition. The main objective of this article is to review the potentials, problems and solutions pertaining to dairying in Pakistan. Main features of dairy sector in Pakistan. Dairy industry in Pakistan has similar characteristics, like other developing Asian nations, which include small herd, poor genetic potential of animals for milk, low quality deeds, high risks of epidemics, improper marketing channels, lack of technical man power for dairy industry, high environmental stresses, reproductive failure and high udder abnormalities, orthodox management practices, poor extension services and lack of commercial rations. Despite of all above problems, dairy animals, mainly buffalo and cattle are producing 26. 4 million tones of milk in Pakistan (Agriculture Statistics, 1999-2000). Per capita availability of milk in Pakistan is 82. 4 Keg annually. This quantity of milk provides more than half of the 17. 4 g of animal protein available or each Pakistani daily. But Pakistan still has to import dry milk and other milk products e. G. Butter, cheese, yogurt, cream, whey etc. Every year to fulfill the ever increasing demands for milk and milk products. During year 1999-2000 Pakistan expended about 1213. 5 million rupees of valuable foreign exchange to import the milk and milk products (Agricultural Statistics, 1999-2000). The increasing demands for dairy products are attributed to high population growth rate and rapid arbitration. Population of buffalo and cattle. Pakistan owns about 23. 3 million heads of buffalo Agriculture Statistics 1999-2000). The buffalo population increased about 14. 7% during the last 6 years from 1996 to 2001 in Pakistan. Population trends indicate that their number is likely to further increase in future (Khan, 1998) Punjab, Kinds, NFW and Balloonists provinces contribute 64, 28, 7 and 1%, respectively, to the total buffalo population of the country (Livestock Scenes, 1996). These figures indicate that most of the buffaloes are present in irrigated areas and along riversides of the country. About 60% of the total buffalo stock is, female buffalo stock, of above three years of age. It is estimated that about 8. 7 million heads of buffalo are in milk, remaining either in dry stage or not yet calved. About 0. 42 million buffalo bulls are available either for breeding or for work purposes. According to Economic Survey (1999-2000) of Pakistan about 22. 4 million heads of cattle are available in Fig. 1. How to cite Dairy Industry in Pakistan, Essays

Othello Movie Essay Example For Students

Othello Movie Essay One of the most popular tasks for a modern student in the literature field is writing an essay or thesis. There is a huge amount of interesting topics for this assignment. William Shakespeare is the world`s outstanding dramatist. His creative work still plays a significant role in literature and scientific circles.  Thus, we present free Othello essay, as it is one of the most famous tragedies till today. What is the essence of that tragedy? Among 37 plays created by Shakespeare, one of the most prominent is the tragedy  «Othello†.   The plot of the play, as well as many other plays by the English playwright,   is borrowed. The source is the novel The Moor of Venice belonging to Italian prose writer Giralda Chitio. This play is about love and a tragedy of deceived trust. The great love of Othello and Desdemona is dying as a result of a collision with the world of evil, ambition and hypocrisy embodied in the image of Iago. The idea of jealousy, deceit, racism and the victory of evil over good is dominant in tragedy. The action of the dramatic work takes place in the XVII century in Venice and later in Cyprus. In the introduction the reader becomes a witness to the dialogue of Iago, Othellos ensign, with the local nobleman Rodrigo, who is hopelessly in love with the daughter of senator Brabanzio Desdemona. But Iago tells him that she secretly married to Othello a Moor on a Venice service. He convinces Rodrigo in his hatred of Othello, since on the post of lieutenant, that is, his deputy, Othello took Cassio, instead of Iago. To take revenge on Othello, they report about Desdemonas escape to her father, who in madness begins to seek Othello. Othello returns to the Republic of Venice as a winner. He is greeted with honors. Only Iago and Rodrigo, his longtime ill-wishers are not happy with him because once they have suffered from the commander due to careless service. But Othello is completely absorbed in love with Desdemona and does not notice the intrigue spinning around him. To carry out his plans, Iago persuades Cassio to negotiate for his slowed career advancement with Desdemona and at the same time makes Othello witness of this conversation. At the same time, Iago hints to him that their conversation is not at all innocent. Othello is trying to find out from his wife what the conversation was about, but her story burns up even more jealousy in him. Iago tries to arrange another various intrigue to make Othello suspect Desdemona in betrayal. Otello fully believes Iago. Blinded by jealousy, he does not notice the tricks. In conclusion, the final action takes place in the bedroom. Othello enters and begins a famous monologue with the words: Have you prayed . Desdemona realizes that her husband is completely poisoned by jealousy and plans to kill her. She begs to believe her because with all her heart she loves Othello and is completely faithful to him. But he does not believe her and being not able to cope with himself; he chokes Desdemona. Then, Othello realizes his mistake, but nothing can be changed, and he stabs himself. So, the play â€Å"Othello† is a good example of tragedy, where all basic laws of the genre are adhered: the collapse of the hopes, the inability to change reality, the death of the main heroes. This dramatic play can rightfully be called a tragedy of feelings. The topic of confrontation between mind and feelings is the basis of the work. Each character was punished by death for being blindly guilty of his desires and emotions: Othello jealousy, Desdemona boundless faith in the love of her husband, Rodrigo passion, Emily trust and indecision, Iago a ferocious desire for revenge and gain. .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca , .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .postImageUrl , .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca , .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca:hover , .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca:visited , .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca:active { border:0!important; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca:active , .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c88201857613cef691cea5a893934ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Othello (2470 words) EssayThe critical analysis of the play shows the main motives of the literature, such as hopelessness of the conflict between the hero and reality, conflict, which is based not on the coincidence of circumstances, but the collision of different worlds; collision of heroes living on the laws of humanity and high morals, with the world of selfishness and cruelty. In â€Å"Othello†, the conflict between the stranger, who is also alien in class, and hierarchical, predatory and, consequently, not completely human, is shown in the sharpest form. Therefore, Othello’s skin color is not only an expression of racial protest but also a much broader, human protest. It is obvious that his blackness makes him the hostage of circumstances. The character development created by the author makes this tragedy alive and organic. Each of them has both positive and negative features, this makes the play vital and always relevant. Consequently, the game of Iago has practically succeeded, but he failed to control it to the end because of the scale of the intrigue and the abundance of its participants. Blind adherence to feelings and emotions, deprived of the voice of reason, according to the author, would inevitably turn into a tragedy.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE free essay sample

University of Around, Sir Lankan. The aim of RAJA is to provide a unique Intellectual platform for scholars, researchers and practitioners from diverse domains of management and finance to stimulate a scholarly debate. The journal is published in both printed and online versions. The 1st issue is scheduled to be published in January, 2014.RAJA welcomes original research articles for its 1 SST issue in the field of Management and Finance and other allied fields including, but not limited to, the following topics. F Accounting, Taxation and Auditing F Education Business F Ethics F Law F Governance Corporate F Social Responsibility Economics Entrepreneurship F and Banking If Nan CE Hospitality and Tourism Management Fourscore Management Human International Business Management Information Systems Marketing Micro Finance Operations Management Organization Change and Development Pentameter Project Public Administration F Management Strategic

Variation in Rocky Shore Populations

Variation in Rocky Shore Populations Free Online Research Papers Variation in abundance and distribution of intertidal rocky shore populations in relation to the extremities of the environment Characterized by patchiness in the distributions of abundance of species in space and time, intertidal zones have been studied for decades in order to isolate the several important ecological interactions that cause these diverse assemblages of plants and animals (Underwood Chapman,2000; Underwood Chapman, 1998; Underwood, 2000). In order to recognize these environmental factors, two sampling techniques were implemented to obtain the vertical abundance and distribution of selected biota. By applying basic principles of methodology in both of the two ecological sampling practices, a comparison of patterns of biota was formed, thus the ability to quantify distribution and abundance of species on a rocky shore. This resulted in patterns depicting strong evidence for environmental pressures as a defining element of distribution and abundance. Marked by the upper and lower limits of the tide, the shores intertidal zone is exposed at low tide and immersed at high tide. Sampling took place on a rocky platform of Flinders beach, Victoria, and had a vertical range of between 0 – 95 meters, with 0m being the point furthest from the shore, known as the high intertidal zone, and 110m being the point closest to the ocean, otherwise known as the low intertidal zone. Two sampling methods were employed, each covering at least 95 meters. In the type I technique the area of 0-95 was divided vertically in 5m points, each of which sampling took place. At each transect, quadrats were placed unsystematically on a horizontal axis 3 times over. For each quadrat both selected flora and fauna were identified and tallied either individually or for area cover. In the type II, the area of 0-110m was divided at 10m intervals, where at each sampling took place. At each transect, quadrats were again placed arbitrarily on a horizontal axis, ho wever, this was repeated 6 times as opposed to 3. As in the type I, both selected flora and fauna were accounted for; either as individuals or in area coverage. As a general pattern, organisms appeared to be larger and more complex in the lower parts of the shore. In particular, this pattern was seen true for most mollusc species. As seen in Figure 1, Austrocochlea constricta population density was highest between 20-90m, and seemed to not appear before the 10m transect. The distribution of the species seemed to be fairly constant throughout these 70m. In addition to Austrocochlea constricta, the Siphonaria sp was also not accounted for before 15m transect however did show varying results between the sampling methods in where the abundance was at its peak (Figure 2). Straying from this general pattern, the Notilittorina sp was accounted for only between the 2-40m area, with the abundance most dense at the higher parts of the shore. Most flora seen were accumulated in the latter parts of the shore, with Coralline Red occurring between 20-90m. Coralline Red abundance percentage steadily increased as we moved to the lower parts of the shore. Intertidal habitats are of extensive interest due to the varying microhabitats formed across a shore. The environment of each microhabitat differs, however harsh extremes are experienced at both low-shore and high-shore, and all in between. For an average rocky shore, there are usually two high tides and two low tides per day, and depending on the time of day, some areas of the intertidal zone may be wet or dry (Underwood Chapman, 2000). This can potentially be problematic for the inhabitants of such an extreme environment. Water supply is essential for semi-marine and marine organisms. However, water supply is intermittent. Water is also delivered in the form of waves, which, if applied with enough force, is capable of washing away or dislodge poorly adapted organisms. Due to the formation of these zones, the salt water trapped in the rock pools within does evaporate, elevating salt concentration. However this concentration can alter with rainfall. In addition, the intertidal zone is highly exposed to the sun, hence the temperature can range from very hot to near freezing in frigid climates (Underwood Chapman 2000). The interaction of these four factors presents the intertidal zone as an extreme environment in which to live. In order to survive an intertidal zone, inhabitants must be able to withstand harsh abiotic and biotic stress. As height above sea level increases, the conditions of the intertidal zone strengthens in harshness; there is less moisture, daily changes in pH and salinity and temperature, and isolation is increased. (Womersley King, 1990). As expected, as harshness increased, species diversity generally declined, with fewer species able to withstand such intense stresses (Underwood Jernakoff, 1981). Abiding by this general rule, Austrocochlea constricta provided the perfect example with majority of the sample abundance in both type I and II occurring after 30m. Part of this may be attributed to the feeding patterns of Austrocochlea constricta, which tend to scrape the algal film coating off rocks (Parsons Ward, 1994). However, in the type I sampling, more Austrocochlea constricta were found before 30m than those observed in the type II sampling (Figure 1 5). This could be attributed to many environmental factors, but ultimately the elevation of the rocks and the impact at which waves from the last tide hit those rocks would be a very significant factor. If the area surveyed in the type I had rocks in a closer vicinity to each other, there would be less chance of a high impact wave. Desiccation was also of particular concern on the day of sampling due to the very high temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. With this environmental pressure, Austrocochlea constricta have been known to cluster to conserve moisture (Underwood. . Chapman 2007), therefore we can assume for the higher abundance transects, the molluscs would have been clustered highly rocky creviced area. Going against the norm, there are those species that adapt to the harsh extreme of the high-shore, obtaining the least moisture and risking desiccation. The organisms that locate themselves in the high- mid intertidal zone, such as the Nodilittorina species, common name periwinkles, use their operculum as a ‘trap-door’ like structure to prevent desiccation in the low tide (Reid, 1989). As seen in both the type I and type II sampling in figure 2 6, the majority of the Nodilittorina species was found before 40m, however the peak abundance was seen to differ between type I and type II techniques by 30m. Due to the diverse range of altitudes of rocks found along the rocky shore of Flinders, this discrepancy could easily be accounted as a result of a high elevation of rock within a semi-moist area in the type I sampling, which portrayed the highest abundance of periwinkles at 0m. However, in light of this, this variation could also be a result of a type 1 error, in which the sample gathered was misconstrued or reported incorrectly. Although most species followed a pattern of some kind, samples from Siphonaria species were mirror opposites in the different sample techniques. In type I, as seen in figure 3, peak abundance occurred at the 20m transect and populations were rare after 45m. Opposing this pattern, type II samples indicated that populations were sparse before 60m with a peak abundance t 80m (figure 7). As with the Notilittorina species, this again can be attributed to the extremes of the environment taking place at varying zones in the intertidal region. The rocky shore can ensure that some discrepancy will occur due to elevated rocks, resident rock pools and therefore increased salinity in nearby areas, and the exposure to the sun. In most environments, random sampling is considered to be a true representation of a selected population. However, due to the combination of haphazard sampling and the varying microhabitats within an intertidal shore, it cannot be confirmed that the same conditions of each quadrat were used in both type I and type II techniques, hence a true representation of Siphonaria may not be possible. When focusing on the flora of rocky shores, it is important to note that while the same environmental stresses act upon plants, the respect in which they affect the plants differs from fauna. For ideal growing conditions, algal organisms require decreased emersion, increased moisture, and decreased temperature on a low tide (Underwood Jernakoff, 1981). However while the low tide only occurs twice daily, wave action associated with tide is essential for the existence of the algal. Wave action, while can result in the uprooting of the plant from the substrata, is also important in driving distribution, as it can alleviate desiccation (Lubchenco Menge,1978). Biotic factors also are imperative and influence species abundance significantly. As shown in previous studies of the east Australian coast, particular zones of the intertidal shore are occupied by distinct groups of organisms. In the lowest areas, foliose algae are seen to be copious. (Underwood Kennelly, 1990) However, in the mid-shore zone, encrusting algae, and the presence of gastropod grazers frequent the region (Underwood, 1981). This is reflected the results from Corraline Red in both the type I and type II sampling techniques (figure 4 8). Steadily increasing form 25m, the abundance percentage of coralline red was at its peak when the abundance of the mollusc grazers, Austrocochlea constricta, Notilittorina sp, Siphonaria sp, were at their lowest. Patterns of intertidal species are complex on both minute and larger scales. The patterns, caused from a range of environmental pressures, can change unpredictably and predictability over various time scales. The study at Flinders rocky shore indicated that generally, with decreasing height above sea level, there is increasing species diversity. The presence of algal grazers and physical stresses of living at intertidal regions are dominant causes of variation in the vertical distribution of floral and faunal species. Some environmental pressures particular for that day, such at temperature, may have skewed our results, as it accounts for a strong selective pressure as to which zones species reside. Although the sampling techniques covered a generous area and gave a somewhat true interpretation, the nature and physics of intertidal zones requires repeated surveying to ensure each quadrat for each equal metered transect has similar conditions Research Papers on Variation in Rocky Shore PopulationsIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicWhere Wild and West Meet

International Entrepreneurship Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

International Entrepreneurship Master - Essay Example Many "high-profile" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding in order to raise capital to build the business. Many kinds of organizations now exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs. Wikipedia attributes much of the understanding of entrepreneurship to the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of economics. In Schumpeter (1950), an entrepreneur is a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation. Entrepreneurship forces "creative destruction" across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and business models. In this way, creative destruction is largely responsible for the dynamism of industries and long-run economic growth. Despite Schumpeter's early 20th century contributions, the traditional microeconomic theory of economics has had little room for entrepreneurs in its theoretical frameworks (instead assuming that resources would find each other through a price system). Entrepreneurship received a boost in the formalised creation of so-called incubators and science parks, where businesses can start at a small scale, share services and space while they grow, and eventually move into space of their own when they have achieved a large enough scale to be viable stand-alone businesses. It is being encouraged in an effort to revitalise fading downtowns and inner cities in America, which may have excellent resources but suffer from a lack of spirited development. (Wikipedia) For Frank H. Knight (1967) and Peter Drucker (1970) entrepreneurship is about taking risk. The behavior of the entrepreneur reflects a kind of person willing to put his or her career and financial security on the line and take risks in the name of an idea, spending much time as well as capital on an uncertain venture. (Wikipedia) Still another view of entrepreneurship, according to Wikipedia, is that it is the process of discovering, evaluating, and exploiting opportunities in the form of new business ventures. In this paradigm, an entrepreneur could be defined as "someone who acts with ambition beyond that supportable by the resources currently under his control, in relentless pursuit of opportunity" (a definition common

Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing Projects - Essay Example Network Diagram (Activity on Node) 1 2. Network Diagram (Activity B is delayed by one day) 6 3. Network Diagram (Activity P is delayed by one day) 7 4. Network Diagram (Activity O is delayed three days) 8 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 Project Completion Date 4 Task 1 1. Network diagram (using activity on node the node) (Gido & Clement 2008) 2. Timings of the Activities and Total Float It was essential to estimate the duration and sequence of activities before a network diagram could be established to calculate the total float. For this purpose, information on amount of work and number of wok periods, types and quantities of resources and their availability was important. According to (PMBOK, 2004), a better way of handling this information is by using a project calendar and an alternative resource calendar. To estimate duration of each activity, list of all activities, duration estimating databases and other historical reference data which may be commercially available, project c alendar from organization process assets, constraints and assumptions from the project scope statement that may impact amount and duration of work, estimates of resource requirements for each activity; human resources and material and equipment requirements are critical inputs to the process of estimating activity durations (Lock, 2007). Estimation of costs and identification of risks associated with each activity help is determining the activity durations with more accuracy closer to actual. Then from the information gathered above, techniques like parametric estimation, analogous estimation, three point estimation and reserve analysis could be used to more precisely estimate the duration of activities (Lock, 2007). In parametric estimation, a mathematical model based on historical records using regression analysis or learning curve is created when there is no information as to on what basis estimation is to be based. Analogous estimation uses a similar previous activity as basis t o estimate the future activity. It is more widely used to estimate project durations rather than duration of a single activity when there is no much information regarding project is available. The probability of completing a project or activity on a single date is too less; therefore, in three point estimating, an optimistic, a pessimistic and most likely estimate is made for each activity and then activity duration is calculated either as average of these three or using a formula. When reasonable estimates of the project activities have been made, then reserve analysis is conducted to cater for risks of time and cost by adding contingency reserve and management reserve. The next process is to sequence activities into how the work would be performed considering their internal and external dependencies. The outcome of this process is a network diagram or a project schedule network diagram. In this report, we have used Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) or Activity on Node where node s are used to represent activities and arrows show their dependencies. In our case study, we have used finish to start relationship while constructing the network diagram to show dependencies between the activities. Now to calculate the total float, critical path method was used. Once the duration of activities have been determined, dependencies between activities have been established and network diagram has been created the next step was to calculate the earliest and latest an activity can

Historical Background Of Victorian Age English Literature Essay

Historical Background Of Victorian Age English Literature Essay In the year 1837, Queen Victoria ascended the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and succeeded William the IV. She served for a period of 64 years, till her death in 1901 and it is one of the longest reigns in the history of England. The period was marked by many important social and historical changes that altered the nation in many ways. The population nearly doubled, the British Empire expanded exponentially and technological and industrial progress helped Britain become the most powerful country in the world. 1.1.1. Chief Characteristics of Victorian Period While the country saw economic progress, poverty and exploitation were also equally a part of it. The gap between the rich and the poor increased significantly and the drive for material and commercial success was seen to propagate a kind of a moral decay in the society itself. The changing landscape of the country was another concern. While the earlier phase of Romanticism saw a celebration of the country side and the rich landscape of the flora and fauna, the Victorian era saw a changing of the landscape to one of burgeoning industries and factories. While the poor were exploited for their labor, the period witnessed the rise of the bourgeoisie or the middle class due to increasing trade between Britain and its colonies and the Reform Bill of 1832 strengthen their hold. There was also a shift from the Romantic ideals of the previous age towards a more realistic acceptance and depiction of society. One of the most important factors that defined the age was its stress on morality. Strict societal codes were enforced and certain activities were openly looked down upon. These codes were even harsher for women. A feminine code of conduct was levied on them which described every aspect of their being from the proper apparels to how to converse, everything had rules. The role of women was mostly that of being angels of the house and restricted to domestic confines. Professionally very few options were available to them as a woman could either become a governess or a teacher in rich households. Hence they were financially dependent on their husbands and fathers and it led to a commercialization of the institution of marriage. 1.1.2. Victorian Novels Victorian Era is seen as the link between Romanticism of the 18th century and the realism of the 20th century. The novel as a genre rose to entertain the rising middle class and to depict the contemporary life in a changing society. Although the novel had been in development since the 18th century with the works of Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson and the others, it was in this period that the novel got mass acceptance and readership. The growth of cities, a ready domestic market and one in the oversea colonies and an increase in printing and publishing houses facilitated the growth of the novel as a form. In the year 1870, an Education Act was passed which made education an easy access to the masses furthermore increasing literacy rates among the population. Certain jobs required a certain level of reading ability and simple novels catered to this by becoming a device to practice reading. Also the time of the daily commute to work for men and the time alone at home for women could be filled by reading which now became a leisure activity. As a response to the latter, the demand for fiction, rose substantially. The novels of the age mostly had a moral strain in them with a belief in the innate goodness of human nature. The characters were well rounded and the protagonist usually belonged to a middle class society who struggled to create a niche for himself in the industrial and mercantile world. The stress was on realism and an attempt to describe the daily struggles of ordinary men that the middle class reader could associate with. The moral tangents were perhaps an attempt to rescue the moral degradation prevalent in the society then and supplied the audience with hope and positivity. These moral angles allowed for inclusion of larger debates in fiction like the ones surrounding the woman question, marriage, progress, education, the Industrial Revolution. New roles for women were created because of the resultant economic market and their voice which was earlier not given cadence was now being spotted and recognized and novels became the means where the domestic confinement of women was qu estioned. Novels reflecting the larger questions surrounding women, like those of their roles and duties. In the latter half of the century, Married Womens Property Acts was passed, the women suffrage became an important point of debate, and poverty and other economic reasons challenged the traditional roles of women. The novel as a form became the medium where such concerns were raised. 1.1.3 Charles Dickens: A Popular Victorian Author In the same year that Queen Victoria ascended the throne, Charles Dickens published the first parts of his novel Oliver Twist, a story of an orphan and his struggle with poverty in the early part of the century. As the Industrial Revolution surged on, the class difference between the traditional aristocracy and the middle class was gradually getting reduced and with the passing of the Reform Act, the middle class got the right to vote and be politically engaged in the affairs of the nation. While the aristocracy criticized the work that the bourgeoisie had to do in the factories and the industries, to maintain the supremacy that they had the privilege of, the middle class in response promoted work as virtue. The result of this led to a further marginalization of those struck by poverty and were part of neither groups. The Poor Law that was passed made public assistance available to the economically downtrodden only through workhouses where they had to live and work. The conditions of these workhouses were deliberately made to be unbearable so as to avoid the poor from becoming totally dependent on assistance from outside. Families were split, food was inedible, and the circumstances were made inhospitable to urge the poor to work and fight a way through poverty. However, these ultimately became a web difficult to transgress and people chose living in the streets rather than seeking help from a workhouse. Dickens was aware of these concerns as a journalist and his own life and autobiographical experiences entered the novel through Oliver Twist. His novel enters the world of the workhouses, the dens of thieves and the streets and highlights that while there was economic prosperity on one side, there was poverty on the other and while morality, virtue were championed, hypocrisy was equally a part of society. His social commentary entered the world of his fiction. In 1836, before Oliver Twist, his serials of Pickwick Papers were published which led him to instant recognition and popularity. It started the famous Victorian mode of serial novels which dominated the age till the end of the century. It not only made the reader anxious for the next serial to come and spread the popularity of the book itself, but also gave the writer a chance to alter his work according to the mood and expectation of his audience. His works enjoyed continuous popularity and acceptance and Dickens as a writer became famous for his wit, satire, social commentary and his in depth characters. Bleak House, A Christmas Carroll, David Copperfield, Great Expectations are some of his other great works. 1.1.4 William Makepeace Thackeray: English Victorian Writer Thackeray was born in Calcutta, India and was also an important writer but one who expressed his age very differently from Dickens and other writers. He is most noted for his satirical work Vanity Fair that portrays the many myriads of English society. Although he was seen as equally talented as Dickens, but his views were deemed old-fashioned which hindered his popularity. He did not readily accept the changing values of the age. His work is seen almost as a reactionary voice. Vanity Fair for example has the subtitle A novel without a Hero and in a period where other writers usually embarked on a portrayal of the coming of age of a hero, Thackeray himself very deliberately opposes it. While the protagonist of Dickens David Copperfield invites the reader to identify with him, Thackerays Becky Sharp is the conniving, cynical and clever. Even his novel Pendennis, is a complete opposite of the novel David Copperfield, although both were published the same year. Thackeray did not identif y with the middle class because hence his novels lack a middle class hero. When novels were catering to reassure middle class self-worth, Thackeray denied to give that assurance. Even, Dobbin, a middle class character in Vanity Fair, is not completely granted hero status and a tone of criticism lingers on the character throughout the work. In The History of Henry Esmond, Thackeray deals with questions of not only of the concerns of society at large but also of individual identity. While most writers supported the idea of innate goodness in the individual human self, Thackeray differed. For example the character of Henry Esmond is also not a completely positive character and the negatives of his self, is perhaps Thackerays critique of Victorian emphasis on the individual. An individualism that focused on personal virtue and morality is seen as Thackeray to at the risk of selfishness bordering on narcissism and self-absorption. His discontent with his age became more vocal in later works like Phillip and The New Comes. While the former is injected with autobiographical accounts and is goes back to the satirical tone of Vanity Fair, the latter is a harsh critique of the material greed of the age and a critique of the contemporary culture of the age. As a result of his strong opinions of his society and its issues, and a critical rejection of the dominant concerns found in works of other writers of the same age, Thackeray stands in isolation as an outsider to this circle due his skepticism of the changing Victorian society. His stand did not change with time and lends to a social criticism and commentary of a very different sort in his works. Catherine, A Shabby Genteel Story, The Book of Snobs are some of his other works. 1.2 Women Novelists of the Victorian Era The era saw a proliferation of women writers. The novel as a genre was initially seen as feminine literature and as the literacy rate among women increased, a new need for women writers catering to this segment was answered by these writers. 1.2.1. Mrs. Gaskell Elizabeth Gaskell, popularly called Mrs. Gaskell wrote short stories and novels that dealt with presenting a social picture of her society in the 1850s. While it was a time when doubts about material progress reaching the actual lives of the ordinary man were starting to be raised, Gaskell mostly gave an optimistic view of the time. Gaskells North and South for example, seeks to present an answer to division and difference by presenting a form of a social reconciliation. There is an attempt at reconciliation of many divergent streams in the novel. Mary Barton was her first novel, published in 1848 with a subtitle, A Tale of Manchester Life and sticks to the Victorian concern of presenting the daily life of the middle class. Cranford came next in the form of a serial and was edited by Dickens for the magazine called Household Words. It was received positively and Gaskell gained immediate popularity for it. It centered on women characters like Mary Smith, Miss Deborah and the others. However the book was also critiqued for its lack of a significant story line. She was also famous for her gothic style in some of her works and this made Gaskell slightly different from other novelist of her time. Ruth, Sylvias Lovers, Wives and Daughters were other significant works by her. 1.2.2. George Eliot Perhaps the one most famous women writers, George Eliot still maintains a canonical status. Her real name was Mary Ann Evans or Marian Evans and she adopted the pseudonym George Eliot to escape the stereotype attached with women writers and successfully entered the domain of serious writing. She had a controversial personal life and there too was not hesitant to break the norms of societal feminine boundaries. Adam Bede was her first novel, published 1859, set in a rural landscape and deals with a love rectangle. It received critical appreciation for its psychological descriptions of the characters and a realistic description of rural life. Mill on the Floss, 1860, revolves around the life of Tom and Maggie Tulliver and traces their life as they grow up near the River Floss. Historical, political references to those of the Napoleonic Wars and the Reform Bill of 1832 inform the novel and lend it a more intellectual and serious strain. Autobiographical elements also form a part of the novel as George Eliot fuses herself partly with Maggie, the protagonist of the book. After Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1863), Felix Holt the Radical, (1866) came Eliots most popular novel Middlemarch in the year 1871. The novel revolves around the life of complex characters and the Reform Bill of 1832. Subtitled A Study of Provincial Life the plot is based in the fictitious town of Midlands. The greatness of the novel was because of the vast portraiture of country and urban life that it depicts, its complex plots and characters, and its stark realistic projection of the time its set in. The role of education, the women question, politics, s ocial commentary, idealism are other complicated strands of the novel. 1.2.3. Bronte Sisters Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte were the three famous novelist daughters of Patrick Bronte, a well-educated man and a writer himself; and Maria Bronte. The family together went through a series of tragedies where Maria Bronte died very early and none of the three sisters could reach the age of 40. Charlotte died at the age of just 39, Emily at 30 and Anne at 29. All three were educated by their father at home and all of them were fond of storytelling since childhood. Charlotte Bronte is famous for her novel Jane Eyre, published in 1847. The titular protagonist of the book, Jane Eyre, and her struggles in life and love for Mr. Rochester along with the process of her mental and spiritual growth are traced. The novel is believed to have a feminist tone to it and the famous woman in the attic character of Bertha Mason raises several gender and feminist issues. Emily Bronte, the second of the trio, became famous for her novel Wuthering Heights, published in the year 1847 and the only boo k written by her. Like George Eliot, Emily wrote under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell but after her death Charlotte published the novel with her sisters real name. The novel is the love story of Heathcliff and  Catherine Earnshaw. Anne Bronte, the last of the three, wrote two novels: Agnes Grey  (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall  (1848). The former was an autobiographical work and the latter is about a woman named   Helen Graham who transgresses marital and social boundaries to assert her freedom. It is seen a substantial piece of feminist writing. All three sisters hence larger societal questions through mostly women characters and the plot focusses on their life with themes of love and passion. They hence enjoyed a large female readership and have achieved status as classics of literature. 1.3. Late Victorian Novelists Thomas Hardy was the most important writer in the later part of the Victorian Era. He was influenced by both the romanticism of the earlier era and the social commentary of Dickens. He is famous for the conception of the fictional town of Wessex. Far from the Madding Crowd  published in 1874,  The Mayor of Casterbridge  in 1886,  Tess of the dUrbervilles  in 1891, and  Jude the Obscure  in 1895 are his famous novels but Hardy was also known for his poetry. The late part of the period also saw the rise of the sensational novels by writers like Wilkie Collins and they too were based on the life of the middle class. The Woman in White (1860) and The Moonstone (1868) are Collins famous sensational novels. Anthony Trollope, another writer in the second half of the era, was himself from a middle class background and wrote the Phineas Finn (1869) and The Way we Live (1874). It was the time when Lewis Carroll wrote his famous Alices Adventures in Wonderland published in 1865 an d stood very different from other because of the child fiction genre it became a classic of the Carrolls different dreamy world that stood in direct contrast with the realistic tone of novels that was at its peak. George Gissing, George Moore, Samuel Butler, Henry James, Robert Louis Stevenson were other novels of the era. Rudyard Kipling and his short stories based in India pointed to the larger historical process of colonialism happening at the time. It was in 1877 that Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. Then also came George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, another two most famous writers of the time. 1.3.1. Overview of Victorian Period The age hence was important for the rise of the novel as a genre and form which itself saw transformation within the period. From romanticism to realism, politics to passion, optimism to pessimism, the novel could successfully deal with the changing mood of the society. Class, gender, individualism, society all were given space in the novel. The period was known to have witnessed the massive change of Britain from an agrarian to industrial landscape. All concerns informed the novel and the novel was made into perhaps the most important genre of the age and the ones that would follow. 1.4 Modern Period After Queen Victorias death in 1901 came the period which saw writers like Joseph Conrad, H.G Wells, D.H Lawrence, E.M Forster and others. The most important event in the early part of the 20th century was the First World War that took place from 1914 to 1918. It was a crucial event that changed the way of the world, impacted the psyche of the people and also the way literature was written. The pessimism and doubts that were a part of the writings of the earlier period may perhaps have anticipated the War. Hence Joseph Conrad, instead of talking of the society and its change now focused on dislocated individuals, a question of where one belongs in a seemingly cruel world. Colonialism are important part of his works wherein he presents a stark reality of exploitation and greed. Lord Jim, Nostromo, Heart of Darkness, are some of his major works. H.G Wells was a prolific writer and wrote around a hundred novels. The Time Machine, Ann Veronica, The History of Mr. Polly, The War of the Wo rlds, are some his important novels and Tono- Bungay is seen as his most brilliant work. Lawrence, was a controversial writer because of the open sexual references in his work. His work was different because of the sensual language and emotional feelings that made them. Therefore the novel then moved from the realism of the world outside more towards a description of the reality of the individual within. Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love are important works by him. E.M Forster, lastly wrote his famous Howards End that deals with the Schegel and the Wilcox family and the society in 1910, brilliantly and delicately described which would then be transformed permanently by the First World War. 1.4.1. The Georgian Poets and World War I During the reign of George V, was published five anthologies of poetry by Edward Marsh in the year 1912 to 1922. Many important writers like of the time like Edward Thomas, Robert Graves, D.H Lawrence, Walter de la Mare contributed to these anthologies. The main concern was to depict the real issues surrounding the world around the World War. 1.4.2 Modernism Modernism as a movement was a response to the horrors of World War-I and to the rising industrial societies and growth of cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It challenged the harmony and the rationality of the Enlightenment and sought to reinvent art and literature of the age. To do so, it broke away from the works of the past and conventions that were earlier held at a pedestal. The view that traditional conceptions of beauty and on the whole the meaning of art itself did not fit the age lead to another movement called Dadaism that consciously set to redefine art itself. The movement was seen as anti-art that aimed to upturn its order. Chaos then as the basic antithesis to order was abundantly used by artists. Started by Tristan Tzara (1896- 1963) as a reaction against the senseless violence of the First World War and to reflect the anarchy that it spread in the social system as well as in the lives of ordinary people. What was also opposed was the conception of what was worthy of being the object of art. The classical subjects were replaced by the mundane as the urinal that Marcel Duchamp placed as an object of art in his gallery. Also in his LHOOQ Duchamps Mona Lisa with a moustache was a direct means to shake the viewer and the age out from his complacency that lead to the war itself. It was the direct expression of disillusionment with the war and that art too had lost its meaning like the literature of the classical time. The breaking down of any previously set rules and a violent portrayal of freedom of expression to shock and awe was the channel of the time that saw the violence of the World War firsthand. The artists and writers of the Dada movement were mostly war veterans and expressed through their work the psychological devastation of the war. The call for re-invention was echoed in the movement and stood for what modernism broadly aimed at. 1.4.3 Thematic and Technical Features of Modern Literature The conception that reality could be easily be comprehended was replaced by modernism with a more subjective argument. Reality became not what was directly seen but what was behind the apparent surfaces and it took a crude look at the ugly, the stark behind the glossy surfaces. It was to raise these questions that distortion became a crucial trope in the visual arts of the era. Comtes Positivism could no longer be used to describe reality. The distorted images force the onlooker to step out of his comfort zone and to question his conception of reality. It highlights the dialectical relationship between the object of expression and the language that expresses it. This was echoed in the Literature of the time where sentences are fragmented and deliberately left incomplete as in Waiting for Godot. Dialogues are seldom completed and there is an inability to find the correct words to describe the state of the self. This breakdown of language after the World War calls out for a need to rei nvent language to fit the post war world. Hitlers use of almost an enigmatic, opera type use of words (he admired Wagner) that achieved his mass appeal, did also lead to the war. It was perhaps then necessary to breakdown language to reinvent it. The distortion and the fragments not only hint at the former but to a unity that needs to be rediscovered. The half-sentence make the reader seek to complete them and participate in the call for a search of a new unity and identity which is Pounds injunction to Make it New. The onlooker/reader is removed from his role as a mere passive observer to an active one who contributes to the meaning of the art he views/reads. Hence the incompleteness was not aimed at a completely pessimistic answer that leads to a loss of hope, but to different source of comfort similar to what T.S Eliot finds in the world of shanti shanti shanti at the end of Wasteland. 1.4.4 Overview of Modern Age Literature James Joyce set his novels and short stories in a small city of Dublin. Dubliners published in 1914 is a part of the modernist literature along with The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses. Stephen Daedalus is a central character both in the Portrait and Ulysses. The latter however was banned. The next important writer was Virginia Woolf who was associated with the Bloomsbury Group which was a group of intellectuals and writers that met at her house which included E.M Forster and Leopold Woolf. Woolf attempted to present the changed world through a changed style of writing. In 1915 came her first novel called The Voyage Out and then came Night and Day in 1919. There was a realistic serious tone to both these books. Modernist strain in her writing began with her next novel call Jacobs Room which was published in 1922 along with Ulysses. The rest of the novels like Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Waves, and Orlando had the same modernist tone. 1.5 Stream of Consciousness Picassos cubism became an important part of modernisms subjective view of reality and a need to move away from traditional forms of art. It was this subjectivity that lead to the stream of consciousness technique of narration, as used by Virginia Woolf in Mrs. Dalloway. The focus on the interiority of the self and its perception of the objects it conceives was way to grasp the changed notion of reality. The Pre-Speech level of consciousness (as Henry James called it) of the character where the narrative deals with what is freely sensed or felt by the characters rather than what is directly uttered changed the way that narratives functioned. The expression of the self was also to highlight the crisis of the self within itself. The existential view of life and its cyclical futile form was what entrapped it rendering it unable to transcend futility of existence. This pessimistic view was a residue of the war which saw man as Sisyphus with his worthless search for meaning, identity and u nity in an age that cannot satiate his search. In The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus dwells on this futility of the modern experience. 1.6 Poetic Drama The term poetic drama was made popular during the middle of the 20th century. The term was made famous due to the works of T.S Eliot who used his work as a reaction to the drama of G. B Shaw and Galsworthy who were immensely influenced by Henrik Ibsen who wrote A Dolls House and Ghosts. In the The Quintessence of Ibsenism written by G.B Shaw, he accepted the formers influence on him. T.S Eliot apart from being a poet was also a critic and wrote many important works like Possibility of Poetic Drama and Poetry and Drama in which he expressed his belief that poetry and drama are linked inseparably. W.B. Yeats, W. H. Auden and other poets also tried writing poetic drama. UNIT 2 1MPORTANT LITERARY TERMS 2.1. Dramatic Monologue A persona poem or what is popularly termed as a dramatic monologue in poetry, uses the theatrical device of a monologue where a character or person on stage speaks alone. Often done to highlight the character or authors internal thoughts and vocalize them to an implied audience, it was used in poetry in the 20th century. Romantic poetry was seen as the root of the same. It is usually one persons speech to oneself or the audience / reader wherein he talks about a subjective view on a situation, topic, or any other character. Robert Browning was the poet who perfected the use of dramatic monologue in his poems like My Last Duchess, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister. His use of the device influenced Eliot and other modernist writers. 2.2 Paradox As the term signifies, a paradox occurs when there is self-contradiction in a sentence. Even ideas can have a paradox in them. It is done often for stylistic reasons and to express a complicated thought or feeling. Hamlets line I must be cruel only to be kind. (Act 3, Scene iv line 178) in Shakespeares play with the same title is an example of paradox where two contradictory emotions of kindness and cruelty are brought together. 2.3 Antithesis It basically denotes the coming together of complete opposites in a sentence. It is a rhetorical device often used by orators. For example, Goethes quote Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing is an example of the same. 2.4 Symbol Derived from the greek word Symbolom, a symbol is a word or object that stands for another word or object. For example a fox is a symbol for cleverness and dove is the universal symbol for peace. 2.5 Problem Play Used mostly with reference to drama, a problem play usually deals with an attempt to focus the public opinion about a social concern. It engages therefore with a problem in the most feasible manner and may either seek to solve it or complicate it further. It was made famous by Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian Playwright and even used by G.B Shaw in his plays. 2.6 Essay Usually a piece of prose writing that is aimed at being a thoughtful piece of writing with strong intellectual debates and undertones. It is derived from the word exagium that in Latin means a trial by weight. The form is believed to have emerged in the Renaissance and Francis Bacon in 1597 published his Essays. 2.7 Novel A novel is a piece of literature that can be fictional or real and is written in prose. It is very different from drama and poetry by the extent of its length. There are many sub genres that can be a part of the novel itself. In fact a single novel is often is result of play of these various strands of literature. The root of the word Novel or Novella signifies something new as it was a later conception in the history of literature. It came after poetry and drama. It was the 18th and the 19th century that form became a major literary field with writers like Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe; Fielding, who wrote Tom Jones and Samuel Richardson, Charles Dickens and others. After the romantic phase there was a revival of the gothic fiction in works like Ann Radcliffs Mysteries of Udolfo and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Gothic was one such genre of the novel form. Realist novels, Sensational novels, domestic novels are just some of the others. On the whole the novel can be seen as a fictional narrative in prose, generally longer than a short story. Unlike the epic, which is now seen as a dead genre, the novel is still enjoying its high status in the literary market as perhaps, it has evolved with the continuously evolving world. 2.8 Free Verse Free verse is a type of structure which does not have a fixed meter or regular rhythm. Even the line length varies from one sentence to another. The cadence is dependent solely on the wish of the writer but sometimes alternates between stressed and unstressed syllables. It was derived from the word freo a middle-english word that meant free. Many great writers and poets experimented with the free verse style including Milton in his Samson Agonistes. 2.9 Short Story   A short story is also a form of fiction writing but is different from the novel because of the length due to which it gets its name. It can be a highly serious work of literature, a didactic one with a moral, a part of childrens fiction and is also open to experimentation. For example, Rudyard Kipling wrote many short stories. The word short comes from the word sceort which means the same. Defoe also wrote short stories because of the popularity of serial novels at his time. It is however Edgar Allen Poe, who is considered to be a seminal figure responsible for the popularity of short stories as a genre. Joyce wrote them in his work titled Dubliners and Kafka wrote Metamorphosis using the same. UNIT 3 FEATURES AND FORMS OF DRAMA Drama is one of the oldest forms of literature along with the epic. It is believed to have derived from the ancient Greek and Roman works. 3.1 Plot A plot is the main trajectory of drama and called be called as its story line. In Poetics, while defining all the major parts of a drama, Aristotle believed that the plot was of prime importance. It was so because it the plot that could be success at achieving